Frame rate, commonly abbreviated as FPS (frames per second), is a fundamental concept in visual media that refers to the number of individual frames or images displayed per second in video or animation.
This metric is crucial in determining the smoothness and fluidity of motion, impacting the overall viewing experience across various media forms such as films, television broadcasts, video games, and animations[1].
The frame rate should not be confused with the refresh rate, which measures how often the display hardware updates per second[1].
The significance of frame rate is underscored by its historical and technical evolution. In the film industry, the standard frame rate has traditionally been 24 FPS, a rate that offers a cinematic quality by closely mirroring natural human motion perception[2].
Television, on the other hand, has adopted different frame rates due to technical constraints and regional power standards, with NTSC systems in North America typically using 29.97 FPS and PAL systems in Europe using 25 FPS[2][3].
Video games push the boundaries even further, with frame rates often reaching 60 FPS or higher to enhance the responsiveness and immersive quality of gameplay[4].
Controversies and discussions surrounding frame rates often revolve around the appropriate use of higher frame rates (HFR) in different media.
While HFR such as 48 FPS or 60 FPS can provide smoother motion and enhanced detail, particularly for action-packed scenes or competitive gaming, they can also alter the traditional cinematic experience, making films appear overly realistic and potentially detracting from the artistic intent[2][5].
This debate highlights the ongoing tension between technical advancements and audience expectations, with some filmmakers and gamers advocating for higher frame rates while others remain skeptical of their impact[5][6]. As technology continues to evolve, the potential for higher frame rates is expanding.
Modern filming equipment and display technologies are enabling filmmakers and game developers to experiment with frame rates that were previously unattainable, offering new possibilities for visual storytelling and user experience[2][4].
However, the adoption of higher frame rates remains a gradual process, with practical considerations such as display compatibility and audience adjustment playing significant roles in shaping the future direction of frame rates in various media forms[7].
Definition and importance
Frame rate, often abbreviated as FPS (frames per second), refers to the number of individual frames or images that are displayed in one second of video or animation[1].
It is a critical aspect of visual media that determines the smoothness and fluidity of motion. Frame rate and refresh rate are not the same, although they are related. While frame rate pertains to the number of frames displayed per second, refresh rate refers to the number of times the display hardware updates per second[1].
The significance of frame rate lies in its direct impact on the viewer’s experience. Higher frame rates typically result in smoother motion, which is particularly important in fast-paced scenes such as action sequences in films, gameplay in video games, and sports broadcasts.
Historically, the standard frame rate for film has been 24 FPS, a rate deeply rooted in the film industry’s legacy[2].
However, television broadcasters had to adopt different frame rates due to technical constraints related to regional power standards, leading to variations based on country-specific electricity specifications[2].
Modern technology has expanded the possibilities for filmmakers and videographers, allowing them to experiment with higher frame rates to achieve specific visual effects and storytelling techniques[2].
For instance, some modern films and video games employ higher frame rates, such as 48 FPS or even 60 FPS, to provide a more immersive and visually engaging experience.
The quality of motion representation also depends on the display technology used. For example, some experts have found that even panels with faster refresh rates may not necessarily provide a better viewing experience compared to older technologies like CRTs (Cathode Ray Tubes)[8].
The perception of motion can differ significantly due to the way different display technologies handle the conversion of electronic signals to visual output[8].
Importance in various media
Film
In the realm of cinema, frame rate plays a pivotal role in shaping the viewing experience. Hollywood-style movies are traditionally displayed at 24 frames per second (fps) because this frame rate closely mirrors how the human eye perceives motion, providing a cinematic and lifelike quality to the visuals[2].
This standard was established early in the film industry to emulate natural movement, capturing film at 24fps and often displaying it at higher rates like 48fps or 72fps for a smoother experience[2].
Television
Television broadcasters have historically had to balance artistic choices with technical constraints, leading to regional variations in frame rates.
For example, NTSC standard broadcasts in North America typically use 29.97 fps, which was adopted to eliminate interference with color television signals[3].
On the other hand, PAL systems in Europe generally use 25 fps[9].
This standardization was necessary to ensure compatibility with the electrical grid frequencies and broadcasting requirements of different regions[2].
Gaming
Frame rate is crucial in gaming for both performance and visual quality. Higher frame rates reduce input lag and make games appear more responsive, which is particularly important for fast-paced genres like first-person shooters[4].
Hardware components such as the graphics card, CPU, and memory, along with in-game settings like resolution and texture quality, significantly impact the frame rate[10].
For competitive gamers, maintaining a high frame rate is essential to avoid glitches that could affect gameplay[11].
Animation
Animation benefits from high frame rates to achieve smoother transitions and more fluid motion.
However, experimenting with non-standard frame rates can be risky for beginners in animation, as it may lead to subpar results if not executed properly[12].
Standard television and film frame rates are generally recommended to ensure consistent quality[12].
Music production and sound
Sound quality can greatly influence the perception of visual media. In movies, games, and music videos, poor audio can detract from the overall experience, making it essential to balance both auditory and visual elements[13].
High-quality soundtracks complement the frame rate, enhancing the audience’s emotional and contextual understanding[13].
Technological advancements
Modern filming equipment offers filmmakers and videographers the flexibility to explore beyond traditional frame rates.
This technological advancement allows for the creation of specific visual effects and storytelling techniques that were previously unattainable[2].
However, the adoption of higher frame rates in the motion picture industry has been gradual, as audiences need time to adjust to the new visual experience[5].
Measurement and tools
Frame rate, often measured in frames per second (FPS), is a crucial aspect in both film and digital media, influencing how motion is perceived on screen.
It is vital to differentiate between frame rate and related concepts such as shutter speed and refresh rate, as each term describes different technical aspects.
Frame rate refers to the number of individual frames or images that are displayed per second in a sequence to create the illusion of motion. Traditional film has typically used a frame rate of 24 FPS, a standard that has stood the test of time and is deeply rooted in the film industry’s legacy[2].
However, TV broadcasters historically faced technical constraints related to power standards, leading to regional variations in frame rates based on the electricity specifications of different countries[2].
Shutter speed, on the other hand, is a measurement in seconds of how long the camera’s shutter is open, controlling the amount of light exposed to the film or digital sensor.
While frame rate determines the fluidity of motion, shutter speed affects the exposure and motion blur in each frame[14].
In modern digital media, the adoption of digital conversion has allowed for more flexibility, moving beyond traditional formats like NTSC and PAL.
Nonetheless, these standards are still in use within the industry, especially for projects that are region-specific[14].
For instance, cinematographer Hiroshi Hara notes that European projects often require shooting in PAL mode to ensure compatibility[14].
For computer monitors and gaming, frame rate is frequently confused with refresh rate, which describes how often the display hardware updates with new information per second.
The confusion between these terms can complicate the search for a quality monitor, as both factors significantly impact the viewing experience. A detailed understanding of how frame rate and refresh rate differ is crucial for selecting the right monitor[15].
Various tools are available to measure and monitor frame rates. Third-party software like Fraps and FPS Monitor are popular choices, offering advanced features that might require a purchase[16].
These tools help users keep track of frame rates to optimize performance, particularly in gaming and professional video production.
Factors affecting frame rate
Frame rate, or frames per second (FPS), is a crucial aspect of motion pictures, TV broadcasts, streaming video content, and gaming. Several factors influence the frame rate, with hardware components playing a significant role.
Hardware components
Central processing unit (CPU)
The CPU also plays a pivotal role in determining the frame rate. The CPU sends instructions from programs to the GPU, which then processes these instructions to render images and send them to the monitor[10].
Therefore, the performance of the CPU directly impacts the GPU’s ability to produce frames.
A more powerful CPU can handle more complex calculations and instructions, contributing to a higher FPS[10].
Graphics processing unit (GPU)
The GPU, or Graphics Processing Unit, is often considered the heart of any system aimed at high frame rate performance.
A powerful GPU can render game graphics quickly and efficiently, thus significantly boosting FPS[17].
However, the GPU’s performance is interlinked with other hardware components, such as the CPU and the cooling system, which can also influence its efficiency and overall output[17].
Monitor
The monitor’s refresh rate is another critical factor that impacts the visible frame rate. Most LCD monitors are set with a refresh rate of 60Hz, meaning they can display up to 60 frames per second. Any frame rate above this will not be visible on such monitors[10].
Advanced synchronization technologies like G-Sync and FreeSync can help mitigate issues such as screen tearing by aligning the monitor’s refresh rate with the GPU’s frame rate[18].
Game optimization and code
The optimization of game code also significantly affects frame rate. How well the game code is optimized for graphics performance can make a substantial difference.
Games with complex 3D environments, numerous moving objects, and detailed physics calculations often require more processing power, which can impact FPS[10].
System configuration
A balanced system configuration is essential for achieving high frame rates. This includes the CPU, GPU, motherboard, and memory working in harmony[19].
For instance, even if you have a high-end GPU, it won’t perform at its best if the CPU can’t keep up, leading to a bottleneck situation[20].
Additionally, the cooling system is crucial, as high-performance components generate a significant amount of heat, which can throttle performance if not adequately managed[17].
Resolution and graphics settings
Adjusting the resolution and graphics settings within a game can also impact FPS. Higher resolution and advanced graphical features like anti-aliasing and render distance consume more processing power, which can lower the frame rate.
Therefore, reducing these settings can significantly improve FPS[20].
Synchronization technologies
Synchronization technologies such as V-Sync, G-Sync, and FreeSync are designed to minimize screen tearing and stuttering by aligning the frame rate with the monitor’s refresh rate.
However, V-Sync can sometimes cause input lag, making it less desirable for fast-paced games. In contrast, G-Sync and FreeSync provide more dynamic adjustments to the refresh rate, offering a smoother gaming experience[21].
Understanding the interplay between these various factors is crucial for optimizing frame rate and achieving a smoother visual experience in gaming and other high-motion applications.
Frame rate in video games
Frame rate, measured in frames per second (fps), is crucial in video games as it directly impacts the visual fluidity and overall gameplay experience.
The rate at which video frames are displayed can vary widely depending on the game and the hardware used to play it.
For example, PC action games are typically best played at 60 fps, but a frame rate of 30 fps or higher is generally acceptable for most other genres[11].
Higher frame rates in video games lead to smoother and more natural-looking motion. When the frame rate is low, onscreen action can appear to stutter and pause, significantly detracting from the gaming experience[22].
Advanced graphics hardware can push frame rates beyond the typical 24 fps used in films to levels such as 120 fps, offering gamers a more immersive and responsive experience[9].
The performance of a game is often dictated by the synchronization between the graphics processing unit (GPU) and the monitor. For instance, even if a GPU can render at 120 fps, the benefits are capped if the monitor only supports a refresh rate of 60Hz.
Discrepancies between frame rate and refresh rate can result in issues like screen tearing, where the image appears mismatched horizontally. Technologies such as VSync, G-Sync, and FreeSync help to mitigate these problems[4].
Gamers aiming for higher frame rates often need to tweak their system settings or upgrade their hardware. This might include lowering in-game graphic settings or even upgrading to a more powerful GPU or monitor to ensure better performance[10][4].
For example, Red Dead Redemption 2, released in 2018, underwent multiple optimizations for Nvidia and AMD GPUs, achieving over 100 fps on entry-level hardware when settings were appropriately adjusted[20].
Ultimately, the target frame rate for gamers is preferential. While some may prioritize having a steady connection with their graphics card, others may invest in more advanced hardware to achieve higher frame rates for a more immersive gaming experience[11].
Impact on user experience
The most clear-cut benefit to having a higher FPS (frames per second) is that the experience will be much smoother[23]. Smoother animations allow players to see more intermediary frames in the movement of an onscreen character, which is particularly beneficial in action-heavy games.
This heightened smoothness can make the gaming experience more immersive and lifelike, as the eyes receive significantly more information per second of gameplay[23].
The speed at which frames are shown tricks the brain into perceiving smooth motion, greatly impacting the style and viewing experience of a video[2].
Higher frame rates also reduce input lag, which is crucial for competitive gaming where milliseconds can make a difference. In eSports tournaments, where prizes can be worth millions of dollars, even slight differences in human reaction times influenced by input lag are significant[24].
Technologies like G-SYNC and FreeSync have been developed to support higher frame rates and reduce input lag, further enhancing the competitive gaming experience[21].
Historically, early silent films had frame rates ranging from 14 to 26 frames per second, which provided a sense of motion but often resulted in jerky or uneven visuals[5].
Modern standards in film, television, and gaming aim for much higher frame rates to ensure smoother transitions and more realistic-looking animations, which in turn cause less flicker and inconsistency to the eyes[25].
For gamers, a high frame rate can be the difference between winning and losing. For example, in first-person shooter games or real-time strategy games, the ability to process more frames in a shorter amount of time keeps images sharp and reaction times high[11].
The visual quality of games is generally improved with a higher frame rate, as it reduces input lag and enhances how a game appears to respond to player actions[4].
Therefore, for most PC gamers, a balance of 60fps and 60Hz provides good image quality while remaining affordable[4].
Controversies and discussions
Frame rate (FPS) has been a topic of ongoing controversy and discussion within the video production and gaming communities. One major point of contention is the appropriate frame rate for different types of visual media.
Traditional Hollywood films typically use a frame rate of 24 frames per second (fps), which is thought to emulate real-life motion and create a cinematic look that audiences have become accustomed to over time[2][26][3].
This frame rate gives films a specific aesthetic that many viewers find appealing, and any deviation from it can be jarring.
However, higher frame rates (HFR) such as 48 fps or 60 fps have their advocates, particularly for genres that require smoother motion and higher detail, like sports broadcasts, video games, and some forms of live-action video[2][11].
Proponents of HFR argue that these frame rates provide a more lifelike and immersive viewing experience[2][5].
Douglas Trumbull, a special effects artist known for his work on films like “2001: A Space Odyssey” and “Blade Runner,” developed a process called Showscan in the late 1970s to capitalize on the benefits of higher frame rates[5].
Despite the technical advantages, HFR has faced significant resistance from both filmmakers and audiences. Critics argue that higher frame rates can make films look overly realistic, thereby reducing the suspension of disbelief and detracting from the traditional cinematic experience[5].
Additionally, there is a perceptual adjustment period for audiences who are not accustomed to HFR, often leading to an initial sense of discomfort or a feeling that the content appears too similar to cheap broadcast productions[5]. The debate extends into the gaming industry as well, where frame rate can significantly impact gameplay.
Gamers often discuss how frame rates and refresh rates interact, with questions arising about how different frame rates affect the gaming experience, especially on high-refresh-rate monitors[6].
In competitive gaming, higher frame rates are generally preferred as they can lead to smoother gameplay and potentially provide a competitive edge[6].
Future directions
The future of frame rates in various media forms is a topic of ongoing debate and exploration. As technology advances, the potential for higher frame rates becomes increasingly feasible.
However, there are several factors and considerations that will shape how frame rates evolve in different contexts. One significant area of interest is the potential for higher frame rates in films, especially those featuring complex visual elements such as large armies and high-octane action scenes[27].
While higher frame rates could enhance the visual appeal and clarity of such scenes, there is skepticism about whether they can be executed appealingly in film[27].
The successful integration of higher frame rates will depend on technological advancements and artistic choices, with digital film editing playing a critical role in mitigating issues such as audio track warping[27].
In the gaming industry, higher frame rates are already being leveraged to improve visual quality, reduce input lag, and enhance the overall gaming experience[4].
This is particularly noticeable in fast-paced multiplayer games where developers often reduce the GPU workload to achieve higher frame rates[7]. As gaming hardware continues to advance, with innovations like NVIDIA’s RTX 4090, gamers can expect even more immersive and responsive experiences[7].
The evolution of display technology also plays a crucial role in the future of frame rates. Modern displays, including LCDs, have minimized issues like flickering and have set a baseline refresh rate of at least 60Hz, with higher rates available for specific applications such as gaming[1].
This trend suggests that both consumer and professional displays will continue to push the boundaries of refresh rates, contributing to smoother and more visually satisfying experiences[28][19].
Despite these advancements, there are limitations and challenges that must be addressed. For instance, higher frame rates can sometimes be redundant if the refresh rate of the display cannot keep up[7].
Additionally, the effectiveness of high frame rates can be contingent on the display technology, with CRTs historically providing a smoother experience compared to even the best LCDs due to their method of image rendering[8].
Ultimately, the future direction of frame rates will be shaped by a combination of technological innovation, artistic experimentation, and practical considerations. As new tools and techniques become available, filmmakers, game developers, and display manufacturers will continue to explore the boundaries of what higher frame rates can achieve, potentially revolutionizing the visual experience across various media forms.